What are the types of e-commerce?Explain.

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 Types of e-commerce



                                                OR,

Business-to-business (B2B):-

  • E-commerce refers to the electronic exchange of products, services, or information between businesses rather than between businesses and consumers. 
  • Examples include online directories and product and supply exchange websites that allow businesses to search for products, services, and information and to initiate transactions through e-procurement interfaces.
  • In 2017, Forrester Research predicted that the B2B e-commerce market will top $1.1 trillion in the U.S. by 2021, accounting for 13% of all B2B sales in the nation.


Business-to-consumer (B2C) 

  • It is the retail part of e-commerce on the internet. It is when businesses sell products, services, or information directly to consumers. The term was popular during the dot-com boom of the late 1990s when online retailers and sellers of goods were a novelty.
  • Today, there are innumerable virtual stores and malls on the internet selling all types of consumer goods. 
  • The most recognized example of these sites is Amazon, which dominates the B2C market.


Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) 

  • It is a type of e-commerce in which consumers trade products, services, and information with each other online. These transactions are generally conducted through a third party that provides an online platform on which the transactions are carried out.
  • Online auctions and classified advertisements are two examples of C2C platforms, with eBay and Craigslist being two of the most popular of these platforms. Because eBay is a business, this form of e-commerce could also be called C2B2C -- consumer-to-business-to-consumer.


Consumer-to-business (C2B) 

  • It is a type of e-commerce in which consumers make their products and services available online for companies to bid on and purchase. This is the opposite of the traditional commerce model of B2C.
  • A popular example of a C2B platform is a market that sells royalty-free photographs, images, media, and design elements, such as stock. Another example would be a job board.


Business-to-administration (B2A) 

  • It refers to transactions conducted online between companies and public administration or government bodies. Many branches of government are dependent on e-services or products in one way or another, especially when it comes to legal documents, registers, social security, fiscal, and employment. Businesses can supply these electronically.
  •  B2A services have grown considerably in recent years as investments have been made in e-government capabilities.


Consumer-to-administration (C2A)

  • It refers to transactions conducted online between individual consumers and public administration or government bodies. 
  • The government rarely buys products or services from citizens, but individuals frequently use electronic means in the following areas:

        Education:-  Disseminating information, distance learning/online lectures, etc.

         Social security:-  Distributing information, making payments, etc.

          Taxes:- filing tax returns, making payments, etc.

         Health:- Making appointments, providing information about illnesses, making health services payments, etc.


Mobile e-commerce (M-commerce)

  • It is a type of e-commerce on the rise that features online sales transactions made using mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. 
  • M-commerce includes mobile shopping, mobile banking, and mobile payments. Mobile chatbots also provide e-commerce opportunities to businesses, allowing consumers to complete transactions with companies via voice or text conversations.
  • Mobile Commerce is any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobile access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic device.
  • M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Known as next-generation e-commerce, m-commerce enables users to access the Internet without needing to find a place to the plugin.
  • "Mobile Business", signifies an "anytime and anywhere access" to business processes managed by computer-mediated networks.
  • Mobile commerce was born in 1997 when the first two mobile phone-enabled Coca-Cola vending machines were installed in the Helsinki area in Finland. They used SMS text messages to send the payment to the vending machines.
  • In 1997 also the first mobile phone-based banking service was launched by Merita Bank of Finland also using SMS.


U-Commerce

  • U-commerce extends traditional commerce to a world of ubiquitous networks and universal devices world in which users can access networks at any time from any place, using a range of devices to inv unique and personalized services. Specifically, four constructs have been discussed that form the fundamental dimensions of u-commerce: ubiquity, uniqueness, universality, and unison. It is proposed that future developments of information systems will be framed by these constructs.
  • Ubiquity Ultimate form of (Reachability + Accessibility + Portability)
  • Uniqueness Ultimate form of (Localization + Identification + Portability)
  • Universality = Ultimate merge of (Mobile Networks + Mobile Devices)
  • Unison Ultimate merge of (Mobile Applications + Data Synchronization

                                         

 Local E-commerce

  • Local e-commerce is a form of e-commerce that is focused on engaging the consumer based on his or her current geographic location. 
  • Merchants use a variety of online marketing techniques to drive consumers to their stores.
  •  It is a branch of the mobile, social, and local e-commerce wave.
  • form of e-commerce that is focused on engaging the consumer based on his or her current geographic location.
  • Local merchants use a variety of online marketing techniques to drive consumers to their stores.
  • Additional concepts and terminology include Information asymmetry, menu costs, marketplaces and marketspaces, transaction costs, cognitive energy, market-entry costs, search costs, price discovery, and network externalities.

Social E-commerce

  • Social e-commerce is e-commerce that is enabled by social networks and online social relationships.
  • The growth of social e-commerce is being driven by a number of factors, including:
- social sign-on (signing onto websites using your Facebook or other social network ID
- network notification (the sharing of approval or disapproval of products, services, and content),
- online collaborative shopping tools.
- social search (recommendations from online trusted friends), and
- the increasing prevalence of integrated social commerce tools such as Buy buttons
- Additional concepts and terminology include Information asymmetry, menu costs, marketplaces and - - marketspaces, transaction costs, cognitive energy, market-entry costs, search costs, price discovery, and network externalities.


                                               OR,


 Types of e-commerce

 Business-to-Business (B2B).

  • B2B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies.
  •  This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships between and among businesses. 
  •  In this case, both the buyers and sellers are organizations. 
  •  E.g. a) one company sells raw material and another organization buy raw material for manufacturing products  b)  Intel selling microprocessor to Dell,  c)  Heinz selling ketchup to Mc Donalds



 Business-to-Consumer (B2C)


  •  Business-to-Consumer E-Commerce involves customers gathering information; purchasing physical goods (tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (goods of electronic material or digitized content such as software, or e-books), and receiving products over an electronic network. 
  •  In this case, the seller is a business organization whereas the buyer is a consumer. 
  • An example of a B2C transaction would be a person buying a pair of shoes from a retailer. 
  •  Example:  Dell selling me a laptop



 Business-to-Government (B2G). 

  • Business-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. 
  • It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement (buying, getting, hiring), licensing procedures, and other government-related operations. 
  • Example: Businesses pay taxes, file reports, or sell goods and services to Govt. agencies.


 Customer-to-Customer (C2C)

  •  Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers. 
  •  In this type, both the seller and buyer are the consumers. 
  •  Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce involves electronically- facilitated transactions between consumers through some third party(The third party generally charges a commission) 
  •  A common example is an online auction, in which a consumer posts an item for sale and other consumers bid to purchase it. 
  •  Example: Mary buying an iPod from Tom on eBay, Me selling a car to my neighbor


 Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) 

  •  M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless technology-i.e., handheld devices such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
  •   As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable, some believe that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of choice for digital commerce transactions. 
  • Examples:- Mobile Ticketing,  Information Services,   Mobile Banking


Local eCommerce

  • It is (also known as hyper-local commerce) falls under the umbrella of Offline-to-Online commerce (O2O). 
  • O2O means that retailers with physical stores can (should) offer their inventory and sell to local online shoppers in the same way online pure plays sell to online shoppers. The terms don’t actually make sense anymore because even a physical store is now online and there are really no “offline” stores but we’ll use it since it’s a recognized term. 
  • Actually, P2O or Physical-Online is more accurate.


U-commerce

  • Ubiquitous Commerce also known as U-Commerce, u commerce, or eCommerce, refers to a variety of goods and/or services.
  •  Sometimes, it is used to refer to the wireless, continuous communication and exchange of data and information between and among retailers, customers, and systems (e.g., applications) regardless of location, devices used, or time of day.
  • Sometimes, U-Commerce describes the generic term for all-encompassing business transactions through or by means of information and communications technology. 
  • Ubiquitous commerce or uCommerce should not be confused with U.Commerce, which is a set of products and services offered by TouchNet Information Systems, Inc. and is a registered U.S. trademark (Reg. 4,069,063).


Social e-commerce

  • Social commerce promotes products and services through networking websites.
  • The numbers of retweets, likes, and shares are measures of success for social commerce campaigns.
  • Social commerce also seeks to engage online shoppers by offering expert product advice and support.
  • Social commerce uses networking websites such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter as vehicles to promote and sell products and services.
  •  A social commerce campaign's success is measured by the degree to which consumers interact with the company's marketing through retweets, likes, and shares.

                                                            OR,


 Types of e-commerce

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

  • It is the direct trade/selling via the Internet/web between companies and end consumers.
  • Examples:
              - McDonald's selling me a Big Mac
                  - Dell Selling me a Laptop
                - An online pharmacy giving free medical consultations and selling medicines to patients
                 - Overstock.com, Expedia.com, and pia.com
                   - Amazon.com, Gap.com
                   - Shophive.com


Business-to-Business (B2B)

  • (B2B) in which businesses focus on selling to other businesses. B2B is the largest form of e-commerce.
  • Examples:
- Manufacturer supplying goods to the retailer or wholesaler.
- Heinz selling ketchup to Mc Donald's
- Intel is selling microprocessors to Dell
- Firestone is Selling tires to Ford Company.
- Dell. co, sell products and services to small, medium, and large enterprise businesses.
-  Best for Office Supplies

  • Customer to customer(C2C) 
  • e-commerce provides a way for consumers to sell to each other, with the help of an online market maker such as the auction site eBay.
  • places the product for auction or sale
  • relies on the market maker to provide catalog, search engine, and transaction clearing capabilities
  • Examples:- Mary buying an iPod from Tom on eBay.com, Selling a Laptop on Olx.com | Hafeezcenter.com


Business-to-government (B2G) 

  • It is a business model that refers to businesses selling products, services, or information to governments, OR Governments to Businesses.
  • Any commerce between companies and the public sector.
  • Bid on government projects or products
  • Examples:- 
        -  Dell.com | supplies computers to public sector organizations 
        - ppra.org.pk | Public Procurement Regulatory Authority
(monitoring procurement by public sector agencies/organizations)


 Social e-commerce

  • Social commerce is the use of social network(s) in the context of e-commerce transactions.
  • Electronic commerce involves using social media that supports social interaction, and user contributions to assist in the online buying and selling of products and services.
  • Examples:
   - Facebook commerce or f-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods or services through Facebook
    - Selling via Pinterest.com
    - Social Selling with LinkedIn


Mobile e-commerce (M-commerce)

  • Mobile means Mobility, Anywhere any time
  • M-Commerce refers to the use of mobile devices such as a mobile phone, a Personal digital assistant PDA or a smartphone for conducting transactions.
  • M-commerce is becoming so popular that web design and development companies have to optimize the websites to be viewed correctly on mobile devices.
  • Examples:
- Mary bought an iPod from Tom on eBay.com using Netbook
- Selling Laptop on Olx.com using Smartphone
- A person doing trade using Mobile devices



Local E-commerce

  • It is a form of e-commerce that is focused on engaging the consumer based on his or her current geographic location.
  • Local merchants use a variety of online marketing techniques to drive consumers to their stores.
  • Additional concepts and terminology include Information asymmetry, menu costs, marketplaces and marketspaces, transaction costs, cognitive energy, market entry costs, search costs, price discovery, and network externalities.


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