Notes for BSc CSIT

 Risks in Electronic payment systems 1)Tax Evasion:-   Businesses are required by law to provide records of their financial transactions to the government so that their tax compliance can be verified. The electronic payment however can frustrate the efforts of tax collection. Unless a business discloses the various electronic payments it has made or received over the tax period, the government may not know the truth, which could cause tax evasion. 2) Fraud:-   Electronic payment systems are prone to fraud. The payment is done usually after keying in a password and sometimes answering security questions. There is no way of verifying the true identity of the maker of the transaction. As long as the password and security questions are correct, the system assumes you are the right person. If this information falls into the possession of fraudsters, then they can defraud you of your money. 3)Impulse Buying:-  Electronic payment systems encourage impulse buying, espe...

Evolution of E-Governance  The word ‘e-governance’ can be viewed as governance and the ICT revolution. The word ‘governance’ has been developed from the Greek word ‘Kubera's which means to steer. The Internet was developed in the 15th century. It shapes the ability to communicate, share, distribute, exchange, formalize, use and network information at a speed that is not experienced before. The Origin of E-Governance 1970’s - the concept of e-Governance origin in India. 1980’s India’s efforts of the National Informatics Center (NIC) to connect all the district headquarters was a very significant development. 1980’s Administrative reform and development have experienced Total Quality Management 1990’s the core ideas and techniques associated with “putting government online”. President Bill Clinton’s administration’s aim to “reinvent government” Mid 1990’s the United States and Britain (along with other countries, notably Canada and Australia) that led the way, both in establishing a ...

 Stages of E-Government Presence Presence is the first stage of development and is the establishment of a placeholder for delivering information in the future. It represents the simplest and least expensive entrance into e-government, but it also offers the fewest options for citizens. A typical example is a basic Web site that lists cursory information about an agency, such as hours of operation, mailing address, and/or phone numbers, but has no interactive capabilities. It is a passive presentation of general information. Some observers refer to these types of sites as ‘brochureware,’ suggesting they are the electronic equivalent of a paper brochure. Interaction The second stage is interaction. Although interactive Web-based initiatives offer enhanced capabilities, efforts in this group are still limited in their ability to streamline and automate government functions. Interactions are relatively simple and generally revolve around information provision. These types of initiative...

Characteristics of Good Governance The World Bank states six main characteristics as follows: 1. Voice and accountability that include civil liberties and political stability 2. Government effectiveness, which comprises the quality of policymaking and public service delivery 3. The quality of the regulatory framework 4. The rule of law which includes protection of property rights 5. Independents of the judiciary 6. Curbs on corruption   GOOD GOVERNANCE CHARACTERISTICS it is participatory, there is a consensus-oriented process for decision making, participants work together, there is accountability and transparency, there is a way to evaluate the effectiveness of the decisions and the process is efficient, and there is a built-in capacity to be responsive to the present and future needs of the members and the organization  Good Governance has 8 major characteristics. Transparency:  Transparency means that decisions are taken and their enforcement is done to follow rules an...

Good Governance  Good Governance is a set of normative principles, administrative reforms measures for standardization of service delivery for the citizens, and improves government and its instrumentalities to cater to the basic needs of the citizens in an efficient and effective manner.  Prof Harlan Cleveland who used the word "Governance" as an alternative to "Public Administration" states that Organizations will not be Hierarchical Pyramids but interlaced webs of tension where control is loose, power diffused, and centers of decision plural. Good governance is a process, where rules and well-functioning institutions are applied to manage a nation's affairs in a manner that safeguards democracy, human rights, good order, and human security, and economy and efficiency are followed in the management of country's resources (World Bank, 1990). Good governance is a process, where rules and well-functioning institutions are applied to manage a nation's affai...

 The major core infrastructure components of e-governance are:-  – State Data Centers (SDCs),  – State Wide Area Networks (S.W.A.N),  – Common Services Centers (CSCs) and  – Middleware gateways  • National e-Governance Service Delivery Gateway (NSDG),  • State e-Governance Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG),  • Mobile e-Governance Service Delivery.                     OR, 1) State Wide Area Network • Wide Area Network is an advanced telecommunication infrastructure, used nowadays for the exchange of data and other types of information between two or more locations, separated by significant geographical distances.  • The medium of connectivity can be copper, optical fiber cable, or wireless, as may be found feasible. Such wide area networks, in a way, create a highway for the electronic transfer of information in the form of voice, video, and data.  • Department of IT in Government of India ...

 Types Of Interaction In E-Governance a) G2G Information and Communications Technology are used not only to restructure the governmental processes involved in the functioning of government entities but also to increase the flow of information and services within and between different entities. This kind of interaction is only within the sphere of government and can be horizontal i.e. between different government agencies as well as between different functional areas within an organization, or vertical i.e. between national, provincial, and local government agencies as well as between different levels within an organization.  The primary objective is to increase efficiency, performance, and output. b)  G2C An interface is created between the government and citizens which enables the citizens to benefit from efficient delivery of a large range of public services.  This expands the availability and accessibility of public services on the one hand and improves the qualit...

 Component of E-Governance 1) Technological Component This relates to educating people who are in the bureaucratic structure or outside its periphery regarding the use of electronic means to develop better connectivity within and with the system. It requires the use of computers               (a) in developing the database,               (b) in networking to facilitate communication,                (c) in creating e- knowledge workers to increase their potentiality. This focuses on the “e” of electronic knowledge and its proper utilization. 2) Social Component The fundamental duty of any government is to educe a society that is based on the principles of equality and justice. A society that is classless with no distinction between haves and haves-not, where nobody is marginalized from the mainstream and is committed to providing a respectful essence of life to its...

E-Governance Project Lifecycle The diagram below presents an overview of the Lifecycle of an e-Governance project followed by a list of key activities performed at the phase of the Lifecycle. The diagram below lists the key activities performed at various phases of the e-Governance project Lifecycle. E-Governance detailed key activities and deliverables are given:-   Phase 1: e-Governance Strategy Development The table below lists key activities performed in e-Governance Strategy Development phase and illustrative deliverables. Key Activities   • Needs Assessment • Define clear vision & objectives • Prioritization of services and projects • Incorporate domestic and global learning’s • Identify institutional structures & capacities for implementation • Define funding requirements • Define monitoring and evaluation approach… Deliverable • e-Governance vision • e-Governance Objectives • e-Governance Strategy Phase 2: Current State Assessment The key activities performed i...

The below compares Software Development Lifecycle and the e-Governance Lifecycle. E-GLC(E-Government life cycle) • focuses activities performed at each stage of a software development • Methodology used from the conception phase through to the delivery • Focuses on technical artifacts and the right approach for software design, development, implementation, and management. • Focuses on technical and process-related aspects of software • Focuses Software Quality Assurance to get the end product in line with defined requirements SDLC  • SDLC is an integral part and only a component of E-GLC • E-GLC focuses on business and stakeholder needs and priorities • Outcomes and benefits-oriented approach • All-encompassing with focus on other critical enablers (GPR, people, legal, M & E..)

  E-governance is of four types depending on the specific types of services: 1. Government to Citizen (G2C): The Government to citizen refers to the government services which enable citizens to get access to a wide variety of public services.   Most of the government services fall under G2C.  A citizen can have access to the services anytime from anywhere.  Services like license renewals and paying tax are essential in G2C. It also focuses on geographic land barriers. 2. Government to Business (G2B): G2B is the exchange of services between Government and Business organizations G2B provides access to relevant forms needed to comply. The G2B consists of many services exchanged between business sectors and the government. It aims at eliminating paperwork, cost and establishes transparency in the business environment while interacting with the government. 3. Government to Government (G2G): The Government to Government refers to the interaction between different gove...

 The key difference between E-government and E-governance are:- e-Government is a system whereas e-Governance is a functionality. Government means the application of ICT in government operations, as a tool to make a better government. e-Governance, on the other hand, implies the use of ICT in transforming and supporting functions and structures of the system. e-Governance is a one-way protocol but e-Government is a two-way protocol(government to citizen and vice versa) e-Governance is part of e-Government. e-Governance never comes alone.

 Challenges for the Implementation of E-governance Implementation of E-government project can be useful to many people and organizations to get useful government documents, statistics on the fly and can help to improve living stand of the people. However, in India, most of the government office is still uses an older method like paper and filing to store documents, so is little difficult to implement it and moreover, the following factors are challenges for government  1. Low Literacy Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write with understanding in any language like Gujarati, Hindi or English, etc. A person who can only read but cannot write is not classified as literate. Any formal education or minimum educational standard is not necessary to be considered literate. 2. Low Per Capita Income Per capita income is the numerical quotient of national production by population, in monetary terms. It is a measure of the monetized production per person in an economic aggre...

Broadcasting Model/ Wider Dissemination Model Principle • Broadcasting model is based on the mass dissemination of governance-related information which is already available in the public domain into the wider public domain using ICTs. • This raises awareness among the citizens about ongoing governance processes and government services that are available to them and how they can benefit from them • The application of this model using appropriate technologies, could reduce the "information failure situations" where citizens are unaware of new and existing services being provided by the government. Applications: • Putting governmental laws and legislations online • Making available the names, contact addresses, emails, and mobile numbers of local/ regional/ national government officials online. • Make available information such as governmental plans, budgets, expenditures, and performance reports online. • Putting key judicial decisions of value to general citizens and creating ...

   E-Governance Infrastructure  - A set of basic services and tools that enables the development and execution of electronic public services ( e-services).  - It provides services that are typically used by many services (e-services). - It is foundational and its usage spans several agencies. - A platform for facilitating the interoperability of e-services. - It provides services that are typically used by many services (e-services). Need for E-governance Infrastructure   The likely future for e-Government growing number of offered e-services a web of relations emerging between e-services more agencies involved, more complex services increased level of sophistication and interactivity more users reached with more devices industry taking over e-service development 2nd Part Network Infrastructure - Network infrastructure is typically part of the IT infrastructure found in most enterprise IT environments. The entire network infrastructure is interconnected and can ...