Notes for BSc CSIT

 Installation and Troubleshooting of operating system (Windows, Linux etc.) Windows 7 Installation Step by Step In order to install your copy of the Window 7 operating system please make sure to have the following items: Windows 7 Installation disk Drivers CD: *Use after installation process if needed. *Note: Please make sure to back up all of your important data before proceeding with this installation. Step 1: Inert the Windows 7 operating system disk into your DVD drive, and then restart your computer. Step 2: You will see a prompt that says 'Press any key to continue' after the ZT logo disappears. When you see this press any key immediately. *Note: The following screen shot may differ from what you may see during your installation (i.e. Win7 version, HDD disk space etc.) Step 3: Starting Windows with the Windows7 logo will appear. Step 4: Language options, by default English will be set along with "time and currency format" and "keyboard or input method Step

 Troubleshooting of connectivity (cables, network, etc.): Network Troubleshooting The term troubleshooting refers to the process of identifying problems with a network through a rigorous and repeatable process and then solving those problems using testable methods. Troubleshooting is more effective than trying things at random until the network functions because it allows you to target individual network components, testing each for function, and encourages you to document your process. Network troubleshooting is useful for almost anyone, from a computer enthusiast to an aspiring network engineer. In this tutorial, we are only concerned about the computer networking fault diagnosis and rectification. Basic Network Troubleshooting Steps Network troubleshooting is a repeatable process, which means that you can break it down into clear steps that anyone can follow. Identify the Problem The, first step in troubleshooting a network is to identify the problem. As a part of this step, you sho

Network topology Network topology refers to how the nodes and links in a network are arranged. A network node is a device that can send, receive, store, or forward data. A network link connects nodes and may be either cabled or wireless links. Understanding topology types provides the basis for building a successful network. There are a number of topologies but the most common are bus, ring, star, and mesh: A bus network topology is when every network node is directly connected to a main cable. In a ring topology, nodes are connected in a loop, so each device has exactly two neighbors. Adjacent pairs are connected directly; non-adjacent pairs are connected indirectly through multiple nodes. In a star network topology, all nodes are connected to a single, central hub and each node is indirectly connected through that hub.  A mesh topology is defined by overlapping connections between nodes. You can create a full mesh topology, where every node in the network is connected to every other

Computer Architecture  Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with. A very good example of computer architecture is von Neumann's architecture, which is still used by most types of computers today. This was proposed by the mathematician John von Neumann in 1945. It describes the design of an electronic computer with its CPU, which includes the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, memory for data and instructions, an input/output interface, and external storage functions. Computer architecture comprises rules, methods, and procedures that describe the execution and functionality of the entire computer system. In general terms, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed using compatible technologies.  Computer architecture

  Thread is different from the task in the following ways:- A t ask  describes a program that may need input files and generate output files as a result of its execution and applications are a collection of tasks. Tasks are submitted for execution, and their Output data is gathered at the conclusion. The way tasks are produced, the sequence in which they are executed, and whether they need data interchange to distinguish the application models that come under the task programming umbrella.  A Task may be used to indicate what you want to perform, and then that Task may be attached to a Thread. Threads are utilized to finish the task by splitting it up into pieces and executing them individually in a distributed system. A  thread  is a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that consists of a program counter, a stack, and a collection of registers. Threads have their program and memory areas. A thread of execution is the shortest series of programmed instructions that a scheduler can handl

  HYPERVISOR A hypervisor (also known as a virtual machine monitor, VMM, or virtualizer) is a type of computer software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines. A computer on which a hypervisor runs one or more virtual machines is called a host machine, and each virtual machine is called a guest machine. The hypervisor presents the guest operating systems with a virtual operating platform and manages the execution of the guest operating systems.  The term hypervisor is a variant of supervisor, a traditional term for the kernel of an operating system: the hypervisor is the supervisor of the supervisors, with hyper- used as a stronger variant of super. A hypervisor is a function that abstracts, or separates, operating systems and applications from the underlying computer hardware. This abstraction enables the underlying host machine hardware to run one or more virtual machines as guests independently, allowing numerous guest VMs to effectively share the sys

 Cloud Computing Cloud Computing is the delivery of on-demand IT resources (such as the Internet, database, Server, Big-Data, etc ) implemented on the internet to process, manage and store data. In cloud computing, we can pay for only those resources which we have used. Benefits of Cloud Computing: Data backup and Storage of data Powerful server capabilities Incremental Productivity Cost-effective and Time-saving Agility (Access to a broad range of technology) Elasticity    The differentiating public cloud from the private cloud. Public Cloud :  The cloud services which are exposed to the public and can be used by anyone are called public clouds. The public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities, and government organizations. In the public cloud, data centers are located anywhere on the internet.  P rivate Cloud: The cloud services which are private in the internal network within the organizations and selected users instead of the general publ